What Are Four Types of Beef Cattle
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is by and large known as beef. In beef production there are three primary stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production cycle of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this performance is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From hither the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers. While the principal utilise of beef cattle is meat product, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Too breeding to come across the demand for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An instance of a desired trait could be leaner meat[i] or resistance to illness.[2] Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beef product. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at once, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of Bharat such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose too. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, only in the past they were also used for draught. However, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into 2 groups through selective breeding.[3]
Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a balderdash is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If it was a cow's outset time calving, she will accept longer to re-breed by at least 10 days.[4] However, beef cattle can also be bred through bogus insemination,[1] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following bound.[1] However, cattle breeding can occur at other times of twelvemonth. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and treatment facilities.[1]
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a bull. Some of the most important factors are disease prevention/spread. Buying a bull who hasn't been tested for mutual diseases is a risk, it would more likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will improve the original herd rather than remaining the aforementioned or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat properties, etc. Breeding Soundness Examination or BSE are essential to the quality of any balderdash, a general concrete examination and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[5] Knowing more information most the fauna will help make an educated decision.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress environment for their herds, involving abiding safety, wellness, comfort, nourishment and humane treatment. According to the Canadian National Farm Creature Care Council, beefiness cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, rubber handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter.[6] If an fauna is infected or suspected to accept an illness, it is the responsibility of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinary for either treatment or euthanasia.[vii] Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of product organisation, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease can spread quickly through the herd from beast to creature.[8] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle'due south status regularly for early detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human wellness (known as zoonotic)[6] as witnessed with Mad moo-cow illness and Tuberculosis.
On boilerplate, cattle volition consume 1.4 to iv% of their trunk weight daily.[9] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least seventy years.[10] The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition'south crude protein.[11] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance.[13] Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Assistants was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.[14]
Some animals live on pasture their unabridged lives and therefore simply experience fresh grass, these are typically cow-calf operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that contain more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and demand roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options.[15] Despite this 3/4th of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle swallow each day will be corn.[16] Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. will potable an average of 41 Fifty a 24-hour interval, and approximately 82 L in hot weather.[17] They need a abiding supply of adept quality feed and drink water co-ordinate to the 5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare.[18]
Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The first feedlots were constructed in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew and so large they warranted a new designation, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Functioning" (CAFO). Virtually American beef cattle spend the last one-half of their lives in a CAFO.[xvi]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the blood, head, feet, peel, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is then hung in a common cold room for between one and four weeks, during which time it loses some weight every bit h2o dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing firm, the carcass would brand nearly 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[19] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the musculus, not around it. The more marbled a cutting is, the college information technology will grade and be worth more than.[20]
Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter treatment, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling, how the brute is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause adverse effects on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities take been allowed to minimize this. However, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute so motility is express. Once restrained the fauna can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating convict bolt, non-penetrating captive bolt and gunshot. About abattoirs use captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering, typically the brute volition exist hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to permit exsanguination. The hibernate will exist removed for further processing at this indicate and the beast volition exist broken downward with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will exist placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Breed | Origin | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Commonwealth of australia | A tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, developed from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | Due south Africa | Afrikaners are ordinarily deep red or blackness with long spreading horns. They have the small-scale cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Australia | Developed for resistance to ticks and for heat tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Australia | Polled brood developed by crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed past crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | Usa (Arizona) | Developed in the high desert, inter-mountain region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | United States | Hybrid betwixt a moo-cow and an American bison. |
| Beef Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Beefmaster | U.s. (Texas) | Developed past breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Blue | Belgium | Grey roan, or white with grey on head. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Red | Australia | A blended breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Blackness with white band around heart, stocky, adequately long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Black Hereford | United kingdom | A crossbreed produced past crossing a Hereford bull with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beef offspring from dairy cows. Non maintained as a separate breed, although females may be used for further breeding with other beef bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | France | Pale brown, paler round optics and olfactory organ. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | South Africa | Developed from x/16 Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford and iii/16 Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | East Africa (Federal democratic republic of ethiopia-Kenya) | Usually white, with the bulls existence darker (sometimes almost black). |
| Brahman | Bharat | Big, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | The states | Developed past crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | Neat Great britain | White body, with black (or sometimes ruddy) ears, nose and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | France | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped pale horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italy | Dual-purpose, originally large draft breed, later on selected for beef. |
| Corriente | Mexico | Hardy, small, able-bodied, criollo-type, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Short horns, diverse colors, often spotted. Also chosen Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-yr-old longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | United Kingdom | Suitable for both dairy and beefiness. |
| Dexter | Ireland | Very small, blackness or dun, night horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing gene, leading to very short legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Australia | Developed by crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, especially the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of estrus and ticks. |
| English Longhorn | England | Red or brindle, with white back and abdomen. Very long cylindrical horns usually spreading sideways or downwards, often curving and even eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beefiness and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beefiness, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | U.s. | Small, criollo-type descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.S. by the Spanish conquistadors. Adapted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered breed. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Black, stocky, adequately long pilus, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | French republic | Grayness, hardy, maternal breed. Good growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a final sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Germany | Red, strong pare pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth charge per unit of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Red, white head, white finching on neck, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Pocket-sized, stocky; black, red, dun or white. Very long coat and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Gray | Republic of hungary | Robust, easy-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upwards. Slender and alpine. Well-adapted to extensive pasture systems. |
| Irish Moiled | Republic of ireland | Scarlet with white back and belly, or white with red ears, nose and feet. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Central Java, Indonesia | Colors varied from light brown to dark brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Japan | A breed of small-scale beef cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of French republic | Mid-brown, paler circular eyes and nose. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Red | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Developed past selectively breeding small Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Crude coat, red-dark-brown, polled. Bred by crossing Beef Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | Eastward Java, Republic of indonesia | Small body, curt legs, reddish yellow hair. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in France | Red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Grey | S Eastern Australia | Greyness or silver polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus bull. Easy-care versatile cattle that have been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | India | Exported to Brazil, where it has get a dominant breed. |
| Nguni | South Africa | Extremely hardy brood adult by the Nguni tribes for harsh African conditions. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite distinct. Three subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| North Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piemontese | Piedmont, Italy | Bred both for beef and dairy product; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Coast, US | Landrace heritage endangered brood, lean, small, adapted to climate of the Deep Due south, disease-resistant. Curt horns, various colors, often spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Austria | Indigenous to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, simply well-adjusted to drier landscapes of the United states, Commonwealth of australia and South Africa, where they are kept for beefiness production. Solid red with very distinctive white blaze from wither, downwards to tail tip and underside. |
| Ruby Angus | Australia, United states | Colour variety of Angus in some countries: solid red. Polled. |
| Red Poll | Due east Anglia in England | Red with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Red Sindhi | Sindh in Pakistan | Carmine Sindhi cattle are the near pop of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beef production or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italy | Bred primarily for beef production; frequently used as draught beasts in the by. White or grey with black pigmented skin and upward curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Republic of colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Espana | A breed of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in north-western Spain. It is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with most 75% of the population full-bodied in the province of Lugo. The glaze may be red-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | France | Cherry-red. Hardy, easy calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, US | Developed by crossing cherry Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellow-brown, white head. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beef Shorthorn | Northern England | Red, red with white back and abdomen, or white. |
| Square Meater | New South Wales, Australia | Small, grayness or silver, polled; like to Murray Grey. |
| Sussex | South-east England | Rich chestnut red with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beef such as Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | United States | Various colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much every bit 80 inches (2.0 one thousand) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry climates. Low-cal-muscled, so bulls often used for beginning-calf heifers. |
| Wagyū | Japan | Blackness, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat deposition). |
| Welsh Black | Wales | Black, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | Great Britain, Ireland | White, with black (or sometimes ruby-red) ears, nose and feet; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid between a moo-cow and a European bison. |
Come across as well [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acid
- Listing of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beef Production". University of Guelph, Beast Sciences. Retrieved April vi, 2013.
- ^ "Beef Research School: What'south the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved April half dozen, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Ameliorate Dairy Cow. Retrieved February one, 2018.
- ^ "Pregnant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Constitute of Agronomics and Natural Resource. Retrieved February i, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male". Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended code of exercise for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May 16, 2017). "Code of Do for the Care and Handling of Beefiness Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ "Code of exercise for the care and handling of beefiness cattle: Review of scientific enquiry on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved Feb 1, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed will my cow swallow". Ministry of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle 8th Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beefiness cattle nutrition series - Role 3: Food Requirement Tables", University of Arkansas Sectionalisation of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Research Quango (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practise for the intendance and treatment of farm animals: Beefiness Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/folio/eight Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. 1000 (1970): "Beef cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Higher of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet". Mother Earth News. Retrieved February one, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beefiness Cattle: The codes of practise" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "v Freedoms of Animal Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beefiness". Oklahoma Nutrient Rubber Division. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Bandbox. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November iv, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma Country University pages virtually cattle breeds.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle
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